The critical challenges global health faces will be presented, due to the emergence and resurgence of infectious diseases. Key topics will include recent outbreaks of pathogens such as H5N1 avian influenza, Oropouche fever, Mpox, Legionella, Chanipura virus, and the significant threats posed by arboviruses like dengue and Zika. Their epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and clinical implications, will be presented. Additionally, the ongoing efforts to eradicate poliovirus amid its resurgence and the complexities introduced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, including JN.1 and XEC, which complicate vaccine effectiveness and public health strategies. Current management frameworks, including surveillance and rapid response initiatives, are important, which requires a multidisciplinary collaboration, particularly in resource-limited settings. By integrating insights from recent case studies and research findings, this presentation aims to highlight the importance of global cooperation and innovation in tackling infectious diseases. Ultimately, prioritising surveillance, research, and community engagement to effectively manage current and future outbreaks is imperative.